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Introduction

Elkobtan provides TMTC’s services, referring to agreements in the Technology, Media, and Telecommunications sector. Media contracts involving Intellectual Property (IP) focus on ownership, usage, licensing, and profits from creative content, protecting rights and preventing disputes over valuable works like films, music, books, and podcasts.

Elkobtan will discuss various contracts related to this subject.

Technology Contracts

These are common among software developers, IT service providers, and tech startups.

1-1 Software License Agreements – Rights to use software.

1-2 SaaS Agreements – Software-as-a-service terms.

1-3 Development Agreements – Custom software/product development.

1-4 Technology Transfer Agreements – Licensing or assigning IP rights.

1-5 IT Services Agreements – Maintenance, support, integration, consulting.

1-6 Cloud Services Agreements – Hosting, data storage, infrastructure.

Media Contracts

Here are the main types of media contracts that around IP:

2-1 Content License Agreements: Essential for media IP deals.

2-2 Exclusive vs. Non-exclusive Licenses – Determines content usage permissions.

2-3 Territorial Rights – Specifies distribution areas.

2-4 Term/Duration – Indicates license length.

2-5 Royalty Terms – Details payment methods (fixed fees, revenue share, etc.). Applicable in streaming, TV syndication, podcast platforms, etc.

Assignment Agreements:

Selling intellectual property permanently, like a screenplay or music catalogue, is typical in buyout deals, where a studio buys all rights to a film or show concept.

Option Agreements:

Grants a studio or network the option to buy IP later. Common in film/TV to secure adaptation rights for books or scripts. “We’re purchasing the book rights to potentially make a movie.”

Distribution Agreements:

While delivering content, these often include IP clauses about: Ownership during and after the deal; Display or modification of licensed content; Payment structures tied to IP monetization

Co-Production or Joint Ownership Agreements:

Multiple parties collaborate on content creation and share IP rights. It specifies ownership of script, visuals, music, etc., and details profit splits.

Work-for-Hire Agreements:

When hiring contractors for media content, this contract ensures the hiring party owns all IP created. Essential for freelancers, illustrators, editors, composers, etc.

Music Licensing Agreements:

Includes synchronization rights for TV and film, performance rights, and mechanical rights. Required when media projects utilize pre-existing or commissioned music.

Publishing Agreements (for books or music):

Involves rights transfer or licensing for publication and distribution. Includes terms on derivative works, translations, and adaptations.

Talent Agreements – Hiring actors, musicians, influencers, etc.

Sponsorship Agreements

Media exposure in exchange for financial support.

Telecommunications Contracts

Typically involve infrastructure, network services, and mobile/wireline services.

3-1 Interconnection Agreements – Between carriers for shared network access.

3-2 Network Sharing Agreements – Especially between telecom operators.

3-3 MVNO Agreements – For mobile virtual network operators.

Elkobtan welcomes all talents, creators, musicians, composers, writers, actresses, actors, producers, filmmakers, and everyone involved in the media industry.

Created by

Elkobtan Team 2025

Introduction

An IT company must take steps to prevent employees from illegally using its intellectual property, which includes inventions, discoveries, works of authorship, designs, improvements, trade secrets, know-how, ideas, and other IP work.

First, define asset ownership clearly. Include clauses in labour contracts that establish criminal and civil liability for infringement. Employees should assign and disclose all intellectual property work related to the company’s business created during their employment. Additionally, the company must consider certain exceptions when addressing employees’ preexisting intellectual property works.

For more information, Elkobtan provides steps to help protect your company’s IP Works from employee violations.

Ownership of IP Work:

Any intellectual property created by the Employee during their employment and using Company resources will exclusively belong to the Company. This applies under Egyptian Labor Law, Copyright Law No. 82 of 2002 (as amended), or any other relevant intellectual property law in Egypt.

Assignment:

The Employee hereby irrevocably assigns to the Company (or its nominee), without additional consideration, all rights, title and interest in and to any such IP Work, including all copyrights, patents, design rights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property rights. If required by law, the Employee agrees to sign any further documents necessary to give full effect to such assignment, both during and after termination of employment.

Disclosure:

The Employee must promptly disclose to the Company all IP Work created during employment that is related to the Company’s business, products, services, research, or anticipated future activities.

Moral Rights: The Employee waives all moral rights to the IP Work or agrees not to enforce them against the Company or its licensees, where allowed by law. As Egyptian IP law prevents an author from waiving moral rights, the Employee grants the Company an irrevocable, transferable, royalty-free license to use, adapt, and exploit the IP Work.

Pre-Existing IP Works and Exclusions:

The rights in this clause do not apply to intellectual property that (a) was developed by the Employee prior to commencement of employment and disclosed in writing to the Company before signing this Agreement, or (b) the Employee creates entirely outside the scope of employment, without using the Company’s confidential information, resources, or time.

Obligation to Assist:

The Employee must, during and after employment, take all actions and sign all documents reasonably required by the Company to secure, maintain, or enforce its intellectual property rights in any IP Work, including but not limited to patent or copyright registration, at the Company’s expense.

Return of Materials: Upon termination, the Employee must promptly return all Company documents, data, storage media, and property, including any IP Work or confidential information.

Compliance with Egyptian Laws:

This clause is subject to the mandatory provisions of Egyptian Labor Law and Egyptian Intellectual Property Law. Nothing in this clause restricts the Employee’s rights in accordance with the Egyptian Copyright Law (Law No. 82 of 2002, as amended), or supersedes any non-assignable statutory employee rights under Egyptian law.

Survival:

The obligations under this clause survive termination of employment, regardless of cause.

Copyrighted by

Elkobtan Team

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) may be utilized to assist in the drafting of legislation in the following ways:

1. Research and Analysis: AI tools may be used to conduct comprehensive legal research, analyses existing statutes and regulations, identify relevant case law, and summarize findings to inform the legislative drafting process.

2. Drafting Assistance: AI-powered drafting platforms may generate initial drafts of legislative text, suggest standard clauses, ensure consistency in language, and check for compliance with established legislative templates and formatting requirements.

3. Policy Impact Assessment: AI systems can model and simulate the potential social, economic, and environmental impacts of proposed legislative provisions, supporting the creation of effective and targeted laws.

4. Stakeholder Engagement: AI-driven tools may assist in deriving insights from public consultations, stakeholder feedback, and large datasets, enabling evidence-based policy development.

5. Error Detection and Quality Control: AI may flag inconsistencies, ambiguities, and conflicts within draft legislation, suggest corrections, and enhance clarity and precision of legal language.

6. Translation and Accessibility: AI-enabled translation services may provide accurate multilingual versions of draft legislation, improving accessibility and inclusivity.

All use of AI in drafting legislation must adhere to applicable laws, privacy protections, and ethical standards, including transparency regarding AI-generated content and appropriate human oversight. Drafts produced with AI assistance must be reviewed and approved by qualified legal professionals prior to submission, adoption, or publication.

Elkobtan Company has a hug experience in drafting CRA between  Principal  and Representative. This kind of agreement based on the idea, the  Principal hereby appoints the Representative as its exclusive/non-exclusive (select one) commercial agent in Cairo, Egypt (“Territory”) for the purpose of marketing, promoting, soliciting orders, and sales of the Principal’s products and/or services as listed in Schedule A (“Products”) in accordance with the provisions of Egyptian Law No. 120 of 1982 and its Executive Regulations. Here, The Representative accepts the appointment and agrees to represent and promote the interests of the principal strictly in accordance with the laws and regulations of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

The mission of Elkobtan is to define the clauses of this agreement, including the clauses of  the Principal, and the Representative’s Duties, Authority/ Limitations, Intellectual Property, according to the Egyptian IP Law No.82 of 2002 and its Executive Regulations, Compliance and Legal Obligations Confidentiality, Term and Termination, Indemnity, Non-Compete and Non-Solicitation, and finally the Governing Law and Jurisdiction.

Elkobtan always aims to achieve the justice between all the parties in very honest way.

To protect a trademark that is registered and protected under  UAE

 in Egypt, including Cairo, the trademark owner must undertake the following steps:

1. Local Registration
   The trademark owner must file an application to register the trademark with the Egyptian Trademark Office of the Egyptian Patent Office, under the Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade, in accordance with Egyptian Law No. 82 of 2002 (the “IP Law”). Registration in Egypt is necessary because Egypt follows the territoriality principle, and AEU or other international registrations do not automatically extend protection to Egypt.
2. Priority Claim
   If the trademark was previously registered in another Paris Convention or TRIPS member country, the owner may claim priority for the Egyptian application if the Egyptian filing occurs within six (6) months of the initial filing date, pursuant to relevant international treaties to which Egypt is a party.
3. Usage Monitoring and Enforcement
   The trademark owner must actively monitor the Egyptian market for unauthorized use of the trademark. Upon discovering any unauthorized use, the owner may:
   1. File a complaint with the Egyptian Trademark Office to oppose any infringing applications.
   1. Issue cease and desist notices to infringers.
   1. Initiate civil or criminal proceedings in Egyptian courts for trademark infringement, seeking remedies including injunctive relief, damages, and seizure or destruction of infringing goods.
4. Border Protection
   The owner may request customs monitoring by filing a notification with Egyptian Customs Authorities, enabling authorities to detain or seize counterfeit or infringing goods at the border.
5. Representation
   The owner must appoint a local agent or legal representative in Egypt to file and prosecute the trademark application and manage enforcement actions, as required by Egyptian law.
6. Public Awareness
   The owner may actively publicize the registered trademark in Egypt to deter potential infringers and notify business partners, distributors, and licensees regarding authorized use.
7. International Treaties
   The trademark owner may use the Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks, if eligible, to extend protection to Egypt by designating Egypt as a contracting party, in accordance with the Madrid Protocol (to which Egypt is a member).

By taking the above steps, the trademark owner will be better positioned to protect its trademark from illegal activities and infringements occurring in Egypt, ensuring recognition and enforceability of trademark rights in the Egyptian jurisdiction.

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights for Songs on Digital Platforms

To protect intellectual property rights for songs on digital platforms, multiple technologies are employed to ensure that the rights of song owners are safeguarded when publishing or distributing songs online. Here are some of the methods used:

Protection Methods

1. Digital Watermarking Registration*: Digital watermarking technologies are used to distinguish songs by embedding a unique code that can be traced. These watermarks do not affect sound quality but can be used to identify the rights holder or copyright owner.

• Content ID System (on platforms like YouTube) *: Platforms like YouTube offer a Content ID system that allows rights holders to register their content, including songs. When a song is uploaded to the platform, the system compares the uploaded audio with its database of registered songs. If the song is identified, the rights holder can decide whether to block the content or monetize it through ads.

• Registration through Intellectual Property Organizations*: In some countries, songs are registered with intellectual property protection bodies such as the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) or Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) in the United States. This provides legal protection for songs in case of unauthorized use

• Audio Fingerprinting Technologies*: Audio analysis technologies like audio fingerprinting are used to analyze and generate a unique audio signature for each song. This technology is used in systems like Shazam or Sound Hound to compare audio files and verify their identity.

• Encryption*: Some platforms use encryption technologies to protect songs during online transmission or storage on servers. This aims to prevent unauthorized copying or illegal distribution of songs

• Notification and Reporting System*: Some platforms use a notification and reporting mechanism, such as YouTube’s “Content ID” or “Copyright Claim” systems, which allow rights holders to report any unauthorized use of their songs. The platform then takes appropriate legal action.

Importance of Protection

1. *Protection of Intellectual Property Rights*: To protect intellectual property rights for songs from unauthorized use.

• *Prevention of Unauthorized Copying*: To prevent unauthorized copying or illegal distribution of songs.

• *Ensuring Rights Holders Receive Their Rights*: To ensure that rights holders receive their financial rights from songs.